While acne itself is not life-threatening, it carries a significant psychosocial burden. Many young people experience low self-esteem, anxiety and even depression related to the appearance of their skin. Environmental factors such as diet, hormonal changes and certain medications can influence the condition.

Management depends on severity. Mild acne is often treated with topical preparations like benzoyl peroxide or retinoids. Moderate to severe forms may require oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy or isotretinoin. Early treatment helps prevent scarring, and long-term follow-up supports both medical and emotional wellbeing.

In 2019, alcohol consumption was responsible for an estimated 2.6 million deaths worldwide, with the majority occurring among men. The highest rates of alcohol-related mortality per population were seen in the WHO European and African regions. Young adults (20–39 years) are disproportionately affected, accounting for about 13% of all alcohol-attributable deaths globally.

Liver disease from alcohol develops silently for years before symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal swelling and confusion appear. Once cirrhosis is advanced, the condition is life-threatening. Treatment hinges on alcohol cessation, nutritional support and medical management; liver transplantation is an option for selected individuals.

Public health measures, such as taxation, restrictions on availability, and advertising bans, have been shown to reduce consumption and related harms. Despite progress, many countries face continued interference from alcohol industry lobbying. Access to treatment for alcohol use disorders remains limited, with fewer than 1 in 7 people in need receiving care in most countries.

Causes are varied: nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate), blood loss (heavy periods, gastrointestinal bleeding), infections such as malaria, and chronic diseases all contribute. Iron-deficiency anaemia remains the most common type. Vitamin B12 deficiency is particularly important because it can also cause irreversible neurological damage.

Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath and dizziness. In children, anaemia can impair growth and cognitive development; in pregnancy it increases the risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight and maternal death.

Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, supplementation with iron or vitamin B12, dietary diversification and controlling infections. Public health strategies include iron fortification of staple foods, deworming programmes and improving access to maternal healthcare.

Contributors include sedentary lifestyles, obesity, poor ergonomics, heavy physical labour and ageing. In some cases, underlying serious conditions such as infections, fractures or cancer must be excluded.

Management depends on the cause. Simple analgesia, physical therapy and activity are encouraged, while prolonged bed rest is discouraged. Persistent or severe pain may need imaging and specialist treatment. Preventive strategies focus on maintaining a healthy weight, core strengthening, and safe lifting techniques.

Symptoms include a thin, grey-white discharge with a characteristic odour, though many women are asymptomatic. BV is not strictly a sexually transmitted infection but is associated with sexual activity and recurrence is common.

Complications can include increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth.

Treatment is typically with antibiotics such as metronidazole, taken orally or applied intravaginally. Preventive measures include avoiding douching and promoting genital hygiene.

Risk factors include age, family history, certain genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2), reproductive history, lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcohol use, and hormonal exposures. Symptoms may include a breast lump, nipple changes or skin dimpling, though screening often detects cancers before symptoms develop.

Treatment depends on stage and biology of the cancer and may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and targeted biological drugs. Multidisciplinary care greatly improves outcomes.

Public health priorities include promoting awareness, ensuring access to mammography where appropriate, and strengthening health systems to deliver timely diagnosis and care.

Globally, burns are a major cause of disability-adjusted life years, especially in low- and middle-income countries where open fires and unsafe cooking practices are common. Survivors often face long-term complications such as infections, contractures and psychological trauma.

Immediate first aid — cooling with clean, cool water and avoiding harmful traditional remedies — improves outcomes. Severe burns require hospitalization for wound management, fluids, pain relief and sometimes surgery. Prevention strategies include safer stoves, fire-safety education and workplace protection.

Major risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, infections (such as HPV, hepatitis B and C), radiation and environmental carcinogens. Early detection through screening (e.g., cervical cytology, mammography, colorectal screening) can save lives.

Treatment is rapidly advancing, combining surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted agents and immunotherapy. Global disparities in access to diagnosis and treatment remain stark, with survival rates significantly lower in low-resource settings.

Cancer prevention is possible through tobacco control, vaccination, healthy lifestyles and occupational protections. Strengthening universal health coverage is critical for equitable cancer care.

The main cause is persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Screening programmes detect precancerous changes before they progress to cancer. HPV vaccination of adolescents is a highly effective preventive strategy.

Treatment varies from local excision of early lesions to radiotherapy and chemotherapy for advanced disease. Public health initiatives aim for global elimination of cervical cancer through universal vaccination, screening and access to care.

Causes include insufficient dietary fibre, low fluid intake, inactivity, medications, and underlying diseases. Chronic constipation can impair quality of life and cause complications such as haemorrhoids or faecal impaction.

Lifestyle changes (diet, hydration, exercise) are first-line management. Laxatives and newer medications may be required in refractory cases. Persistent constipation warrants evaluation for structural or metabolic disorders.

Symptoms include burning on urination, frequency, urgency and suprapubic discomfort. In severe cases, blood in the urine or fever may indicate more serious infection.

Treatment usually involves a short course of antibiotics. Adequate hydration and preventive strategies (e.g., urination after intercourse, avoiding irritants) reduce recurrence. In recurrent cases, further evaluation may be needed.

Though not medically dangerous, dandruff can be socially embarrassing and recurrent. It tends to worsen in adolescence and young adulthood, and can flare in dry climates or with stress.

Treatment includes regular washing with medicated shampoos containing antifungal or keratolytic agents. Severe or persistent cases may need medical evaluation to rule out psoriasis or eczema.

Causes include diarrhoeal disease, fever, excessive sweating, inadequate fluid intake or diuretic use. Severe dehydration leads to confusion, low blood pressure, organ failure and death if untreated.

Oral rehydration solutions are highly effective in replacing fluids and electrolytes in mild to moderate cases. Intravenous fluids are required for severe dehydration. Public health strategies include ensuring safe drinking water, sanitation and prompt treatment of diarrhoeal diseases.

Biological, psychological and social factors contribute. Women are affected more than men, and risks rise with poverty, conflict, chronic illness and substance misuse.

Effective treatments include psychological therapies (such as cognitive-behavioural therapy), antidepressant medication and social support. However, most people with depression do not receive adequate care, especially in low-resource settings. Reducing stigma and improving access to mental health services are key public-health goals.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition leading to absolute insulin deficiency, often starting in childhood. Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of cases and is linked to obesity, sedentary lifestyles and genetics. Both types increase the risk of heart disease, kidney failure, blindness and infection.

Management focuses on lifestyle changes, glucose monitoring, medications and, for type 1, lifelong insulin therapy. Prevention of type 2 diabetes through healthy diet, physical activity and weight control is a global priority. Public health challenges include ensuring affordable access to insulin and reducing inequities in care.

They involve abnormal eating patterns, distorted body image and significant health risks such as malnutrition, electrolyte disturbances and organ damage. Psychological distress is central, and relapse is common without long-term care.

Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach combining medical, nutritional and psychological interventions. Early identification and community support are crucial to recovery.

Symptoms include pelvic pain, painful menstruation, painful intercourse and infertility. The condition has major quality-of-life impacts, often delaying diagnosis for years.

Management includes pain relief, hormonal therapies to suppress ovulation, and surgery in severe cases. While there is no cure, treatment can significantly improve symptoms and fertility outcomes.

Risk factors include pelvic infections, previous ectopic pregnancy and assisted reproductive techniques. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and collapse in severe cases.

Early diagnosis through ultrasound and hormonal testing enables life-saving treatment with medication or surgery. Public awareness and timely access to emergency care are essential to reduce mortality.

Hyperhidrosis causes excessive sweating and may lead to skin irritation; treatments range from topical antiperspirants to botulinum toxin and surgery.

Many fibroids cause no symptoms and are discovered incidentally. However, larger or multiple fibroids may lead to heavy or prolonged periods, pelvic pain, urinary frequency or difficulty conceiving. Fibroids can significantly impact quality of life and may contribute to anaemia from excessive menstrual bleeding.

Treatment depends on symptoms, size and fertility goals. Options range from watchful waiting to medication (hormonal or non-hormonal), minimally invasive procedures and surgical removal. Public health strategies emphasise awareness and access to gynaecological care, as fibroids disproportionately affect women of African descent and those with limited healthcare access.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever, usually within hours to days of exposure. Most cases are mild and self-limiting, but severe illness can occur in infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

Prevention is achieved by ensuring food safety throughout the supply chain: safe farming practices, hygienic preparation, adequate cooking, safe water and proper food storage. Treatment is largely supportive, focusing on hydration. Severe cases may require antibiotics or hospitalization.

The infection leads to thickened, brittle, discoloured nails that may become painful or distorted. It spreads slowly and is more common in older adults, people with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease or repeated nail trauma.

Treatment is challenging because nails grow slowly. Options include topical antifungal solutions, oral antifungal medicines and sometimes removal of the nail. Recurrence is common, so preventive care — good foot hygiene, avoiding prolonged moisture and protective footwear — is important.

Many gallstones remain silent, but when they obstruct ducts they cause biliary colic — sudden, severe pain in the upper abdomen — and can lead to complications such as cholecystitis, pancreatitis or jaundice.

Management depends on symptoms. Asymptomatic stones often require no treatment. Symptomatic cases are usually treated with surgical removal of the gallbladder. Preventive strategies include maintaining a healthy diet and body weight.

Symptoms vary: many people, particularly women, may be asymptomatic. When present, signs include painful urination, genital discharge and pelvic pain. Untreated infection can cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain and increased HIV transmission risk.

Effective treatment with antibiotics remains possible, but resistance to commonly used drugs has emerged worldwide. Surveillance, prevention through safer sexual practices and development of new treatments are global health priorities.

Patch testing before using hair dye is advised to identify sensitivity. Once a reaction occurs, treatment includes avoiding the allergen, washing out the dye, and using topical or oral medicines to control symptoms. Public education on safe use and regulation of dye ingredients help prevent harm.

Tension-type headaches are typically mild to moderate with a band-like pressure around the head. Migraines are recurrent, often severe, and associated with nausea and sensitivity to light or sound. Red flag symptoms — sudden onset, neurological deficits, or systemic illness — warrant urgent evaluation.

Management involves lifestyle measures, over-the-counter analgesics for simple headaches, and specific migraine therapies for recurrent or disabling attacks. Public health strategies emphasise awareness, avoidance of medication overuse, and access to care.

It can cause repeated healthcare visits, distress and impaired functioning. Triggers may include exposure to health information, bodily sensations or previous illness experiences.

Management focuses on psychological therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioural therapy, which helps patients challenge and modify unhelpful thoughts and behaviours. Supportive communication from healthcare providers reduces unnecessary investigations and improves outcomes.

Symptoms include chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea and pain radiating to the arm, jaw or back. Some individuals, particularly women and people with diabetes, may have atypical symptoms.

Immediate emergency care — including rapid reperfusion with medication or procedures — saves lives and reduces long-term heart damage. Prevention involves managing risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and sedentary lifestyles.

Causes include hormonal imbalance, fibroids, polyps, bleeding disorders and certain medical conditions. Prolonged heavy bleeding can cause anaemia, fatigue and reduced quality of life.

Treatment depends on cause and severity. Options range from medical management (hormones, antifibrinolytics) to minimally invasive procedures or surgery. Public health strategies stress access to menstrual health education and care.

Often called the “silent killer,” hypertension typically has no symptoms until complications develop. Regular measurement is essential for detection.

Management includes lifestyle modification — healthy diet, salt reduction, regular activity, weight control, and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol — plus medicines when necessary. Improving access to screening and affordable medicines is a major global health goal.

Today, nearly 30 million people are receiving ART, which suppresses the virus, prevents disease progression and reduces transmission. However, millions still lack access, particularly in low-income countries.

Prevention strategies include condom use, harm reduction for people who inject drugs, male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Despite progress, stigma and discrimination remain barriers to effective response.

Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, irritability and tremor. If untreated, complications such as atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis and thyrotoxic crisis can occur.

Treatment options include antithyroid medicines, radioactive iodine therapy and surgery. Choice depends on cause, severity and patient factors. Long-term monitoring is essential to detect relapse or treatment-induced hypothyroidism.

Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea (sometimes with blood), weight loss and fatigue. Both conditions follow a relapsing-remitting course and may lead to complications such as strictures, fistulas or colon cancer.

Treatment involves anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants and biological therapies targeting specific immune pathways. Surgery may be needed for severe disease. Multidisciplinary care improves long-term outcomes.

Causes range from childbirth and ageing to neurological or urological conditions. It is highly prevalent, particularly in women and older adults, yet underreported due to stigma.

Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medications and surgical interventions. Public health approaches stress destigmatisation and access to continence care services.

Causes include stress, mental health disorders, medical illness, poor sleep environment and irregular routines. Consequences include fatigue, mood disturbance, reduced productivity and increased accident risk.

First-line treatment is cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), which addresses thoughts and behaviours interfering with sleep. Sleep hygiene practices support recovery. Medicines may be used short term, but long-term reliance is discouraged.

It develops when iron intake or absorption is insufficient to meet demand, or due to chronic blood loss. Symptoms include fatigue, impaired cognition, brittle nails and hair loss.

Prevention strategies include iron supplementation, fortification of staple foods and dietary diversification. Treatment requires iron replacement and management of underlying causes.

IBS affects up to 10% of people worldwide, more commonly women. Symptoms can be chronic and fluctuate with stress, diet and hormonal changes.

Management is individualised: dietary changes (low-FODMAP diet, fibre adjustment), lifestyle modification, psychological therapies and medications targeting bowel function. Patient education and reassurance are key.

It ranges from mild, intermittent discomfort to severe, disabling pain. Swelling, stiffness and reduced mobility often accompany chronic causes.

Diagnosis requires history, examination and sometimes imaging or laboratory tests. Treatment depends on cause: rest, physiotherapy, weight management and analgesia for degenerative disease; disease-modifying medicines for inflammatory arthritis; and surgery for severe structural damage. Public health priorities include early detection, healthy ageing and access to rheumatology care.

Keloids are more common in people with darker skin tones and often appear on the chest, shoulders, earlobes and cheeks. They can be itchy, painful and cosmetically distressing, leading to psychosocial impact.

Treatment is difficult because recurrence is common. Options include corticosteroid injections, silicone sheets, pressure therapy, surgery, cryotherapy and laser treatments. Preventing unnecessary trauma or piercings in predisposed individuals reduces risk.

Stones vary in size and composition (calcium oxalate is most common). When they obstruct urinary flow, they cause severe colicky flank pain, nausea and haematuria. Larger stones can damage kidneys or cause infections.

Management depends on size and symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with hydration and analgesia. Larger or complicated stones require interventions such as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or surgery. Preventive strategies include increased fluid intake, dietary modifications and medical therapy for underlying metabolic causes.

Most cases are asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously during puberty. When symptomatic, girls may present with urinary stream changes or recurrent infections.

Treatment is usually conservative — reassurance, hygiene measures and topical oestrogen creams where necessary. Surgical separation is rarely required.

Causes include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, prolonged sitting, medications and neurological or vascular disease. Although benign, they can be painful and disturb sleep.

Management involves stretching, massage, hydration and correcting underlying issues. Regular exercise and stretching before bedtime may reduce frequency. In persistent cases, medical evaluation is warranted.

They usually do not require treatment unless they are painful, rapidly growing or cosmetically concerning. Surgical excision is curative in most cases.

Causes include dehydration, medications, endocrine disorders, cardiac disease and severe infection (shock). While mild hypotension may be harmless, sudden or severe drops are dangerous.

Management depends on the cause. Lifestyle adjustments, hydration, compression stockings and medication changes may be needed. Emergency treatment is critical if hypotension occurs in shock.

Symptoms include sweating, palpitations, tremors, confusion, seizures and, if untreated, coma. Prompt recognition and rapid treatment with glucose (oral or intravenous) are essential.

Prevention involves regular meals, appropriate medication dosing, glucose monitoring and patient education.

Children are especially vulnerable: malnutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths under age five. In adults, malnutrition weakens immunity, reduces productivity and increases disease risk.

Addressing malnutrition requires food security, breastfeeding promotion, micronutrient supplementation, fortification programmes and treatment of severe acute malnutrition with therapeutic foods. Tackling the double burden of under- and overnutrition is now a key public health priority.

Symptoms include breast pain, swelling, redness and systemic signs such as fever. Untreated mastitis can progress to abscess formation.

Management includes frequent breastfeeding or milk expression, supportive care and antibiotics when bacterial infection is suspected. Education on breastfeeding technique and support for mothers reduce incidence.

Symptoms include hot flushes, night sweats, mood changes, sleep disturbance and vaginal dryness. While a natural stage of life, symptoms can affect wellbeing and quality of life.

Management includes lifestyle modification, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) where appropriate, and non-hormonal options for symptom relief. Early menopause often requires additional medical care to protect long-term health.

Migraines can significantly impair daily functioning and are a leading cause of years lived with disability. Triggers include stress, hormonal changes, certain foods and disrupted sleep.

Management includes acute treatment (NSAIDs, triptans), preventive medications for frequent attacks, and lifestyle modification. Education, trigger management and equitable access to care are key public health goals.

Causes include chromosomal abnormalities, maternal illness, uterine abnormalities and infections. Symptoms include bleeding and cramping.

Management may be expectant (allowing natural completion), medical or surgical, depending on clinical circumstances. Emotional support and counselling are essential as miscarriage often causes significant psychological distress.

Symptoms include abnormal bleeding, rapid uterine enlargement and very high pregnancy hormone levels. Diagnosis is usually by ultrasound and blood tests.

Treatment involves evacuation of the abnormal tissue and monitoring hormone levels to ensure resolution. Rarely, persistent disease requires chemotherapy.

Recurrent or persistent ulcers may indicate systemic disease (e.g., autoimmune conditions, inflammatory bowel disease) or rarely malignancy.

Treatment focuses on symptom relief with topical gels, mouth rinses and correcting underlying causes.

Treatment is prolonged and may involve topical or oral antifungal therapy. Preventive measures include foot hygiene and keeping nails dry.

Triggers include stress, fever and sleep disruption. Reassurance and sleep hygiene are first-line; persistent or distressing cases may need specialist assessment.

Most people are asymptomatic, but NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Management focuses on weight reduction, healthy diet, exercise and control of metabolic risk factors. Public health interventions target obesity prevention and metabolic health.

Globally, obesity prevalence has risen dramatically over recent decades. Childhood obesity is a particular concern due to long-term health consequences.

Management requires lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery for selected patients. Public health measures include population-level initiatives to support healthy diets and physical activity.

Early recognition and access to specialist care improve outcomes.

Prevention includes adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise and avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol. Medications can reduce fracture risk in high-risk individuals.

Treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy; targeted therapies offer additional options in selected patients.

Large or symptomatic cysts can cause pelvic pain, bloating or acute complications such as torsion.

Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) involves excess production of thyroid hormones and presents with weight loss, palpitations and heat intolerance. Treatment options include antithyroid drugs, radioiodine and surgery depending on cause and patient factors.

Effective treatments include CBT and medications such as SSRIs. Early access to care improves prognosis.

Prompt antibiotic therapy reduces long-term complications. Prevention focuses on STI screening, safe sex and early treatment.

Symptoms include pressure, bulging and urinary or bowel dysfunction. Management ranges from pelvic floor exercises and pessaries to surgery.

Perimenopause is the transitional phase before menopause characterised by hormonal fluctuations, irregular cycles and symptoms such as hot flushes and sleep disturbance. Symptom management includes lifestyle changes and medical options where appropriate.

Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining. Normal cycles vary, but abnormal timing or volume may indicate underlying problems such as fibroids or hormonal disorders. Access to menstrual health care and education is essential.

Personality disorders are enduring patterns of behaviour and inner experience that cause distress or impairment. Treatment involves long-term psychotherapy and support.

Poisoning occurs when toxic substances are ingested, inhaled or absorbed. Emergency management includes decontamination, supportive care and antidotes where available. Prevention focuses on safe storage and regulation.

Postnatal depression affects some women after childbirth, with symptoms of persistent low mood, loss of interest and impaired functioning. Treatment includes psychological therapies, social support and medication when needed.

Postpartum psychosis is a rare psychiatric emergency with rapid onset of psychosis after childbirth. Immediate hospital-based psychiatric care is required.

Pregnancy requires antenatal care to monitor maternal and fetal health, detect risk factors and provide interventions to improve outcomes. Skilled care during childbirth prevents maternal and neonatal deaths.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease with scaly plaques that can be physically and psychologically disabling. Treatments range from topical agents to systemic and biologic therapies.

Psychotic depression is major depressive disorder with psychotic features requiring specialist psychiatric treatment, often combining antidepressants and antipsychotics or ECT.

Puberty is the biological transition to sexual maturity marked by hormonal, physical and psychosocial changes. Support and education help adolescents navigate these changes.

Rabies is a viral infection transmitted by animal bites, almost always fatal once clinical symptoms develop. Prevention through dog vaccination and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis saves lives.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic joint inflammation, pain and potential deformity. Early treatment with DMARDs improves outcomes.

Rhinitis is nasal mucosal inflammation causing congestion, rhinorrhea and sneezing; allergic rhinitis is common and often coexists with asthma.

RTIs include a range of infections from common colds to pneumonia. Prevention includes vaccination, hand hygiene and reducing air pollution. Severe cases need prompt medical care.

Scars form as part of wound healing and vary from flat pale lines to hypertrophic or keloid lesions. Treatments exist to improve appearance and function.

Seizures are episodes of abnormal brain electrical activity; epilepsy is diagnosed when recurrent unprovoked seizures occur. Treatment reduces recurrence and injury risk.

STIs are infections transmitted through sexual contact that can cause reproductive and systemic complications; prevention and timely treatment are vital.

Myopia (short-sightedness) causes blurred distance vision correctable with spectacles, contacts or refractive surgery. Increasing outdoor time in children reduces progression.

Social anxiety disorder causes intense fear of social situations; CBT and medications can be effective.

Overview coming soon.

A slipped (herniated) disc occurs when disc material protrudes and compresses nerves, causing pain and potential neurological signs. Conservative care helps most people.

Stammering (stuttering) is a speech fluency disorder often beginning in childhood; speech therapy improves outcomes.

Strabismus (squint) is ocular misalignment that can impair binocular vision; early detection and treatment preserve vision.

Stillbirth is fetal death late in pregnancy; prevention requires quality antenatal and intrapartum care.

Stings and bites can cause local and allergic reactions; severe anaphylaxis requires emergency treatment.

Stretch marks (striae) are caused by rapid stretching of skin and are common in pregnancy and growth spurts; cosmetic treatments may reduce their appearance.

A stye is a localized eyelid infection that usually resolves with warm compresses; persistent cases may need medical treatment.

Sunburn is acute skin injury from UV exposure; prevention includes sunscreen and protective clothing.

Sweat rash (miliaria) is caused by blocked sweat ducts producing itchy red papules; cooling and skin care relieve symptoms.

Lower limb swelling has many causes including venous disease, heart failure, kidney disease and injury; persistent or unilateral swelling needs medical evaluation.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs. It is a major global cause of illness and death but is curable with long-course multidrug therapy.

Tension-type headache presents as bilateral, pressing pain; management includes analgesia, stress reduction and posture correction.

Thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, causing systemic metabolic symptoms; diagnosis is with blood tests and treatment tailored to cause.

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils that can be viral or bacterial; severe or recurrent bacterial cases may require antibiotics or tonsillectomy.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition leading to absolute insulin deficiency that requires lifelong insulin therapy.

Type 2 diabetes is linked to insulin resistance and lifestyle factors; management focuses on lifestyle change and medications to control glucose and reduce complications.

Urinary tract infections cause dysuria, frequency and sometimes systemic symptoms; uncomplicated cases are treated with short antibiotic courses and prevention strategies assist recurrent cases.

Uterine (endometrial) cancer typically presents with abnormal bleeding and is treated with surgery, and sometimes radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina caused by infections or irritants; accurate diagnosis guides targeted treatment.

Vaginal pain can result from infection, dermatological conditions, hormonal changes or pelvic floor dysfunction; assessment guides management.

Vaginal cancer is rare and requires specialist oncologic care.

Vision impairment arises from many causes; many are preventable or treatable with access to eye care and disease management.

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes anaemia and neurological symptoms; diagnosis and replacement therapy are effective.

Vitiligo causes loss of pigment in patches and impacts appearance; treatments and camouflage improve quality of life.

Vulval cancer is a rare malignancy that requires specialist treatment.

Overview coming soon.

Womb (endometrial) cancer often presents with abnormal bleeding and requires specialist evaluation and treatment.

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection that is usually mild but can cause severe congenital anomalies if infection occurs during pregnancy. Prevention focuses on vector control and protecting pregnant people.